Essay Draft

What is required is basically a hole, to show that parts of r sectional reasoning can match with confidence. So the inquiry must be posed; can confidence and reason treat SST? It is totally feasible for normal deduction to be a piece of confidence, or all the more especially strict s confidence. The main point wherein confidence is nonsensical, is the underlying act of pure trust one takes so as to settle on the choice. Other than this underlying hop of visually impaired confidence, where one should completely believe a h Geiger power without complete seeing, each choice after this apparently unreasonable I one, has the full limit with regards to discerning thought.Often times considerations, convictions, and activities are frequently named as reasonable or aggravate IANAL, yet what characterizes something as normal? Levelheadedness is characterized as a quest for NAS were using intelligent talk and target standards. What comes out of this interest is w cap people will in general bel ieve is objective. As a rule, soundness is what is â€Å"best on the table†, it s reason for existing is to give or endeavor to give, answers to questions dependent on genuine proof e and through the Kim 2 utilization of sensible talk and logical headways. With logical advances, what is viewed as sane and unreasonable moves as well.It is through new, changing eve move that modifies sanity. This is the reason levelheadedness changes over the span of time, it is on the grounds that new proof is given in this manner changing the conviction of what is viewed as proportion butt-centric and what is viewed as silly. Through the course of expanded intelligent talk and time, reasonability and what one regards something as sane will ceaselessly advance. Confidence then again, is conviction that gives the most ideal answers bas deed on sacred writings and endeavors to address the inquiries that science can't. It's there e to give the inquiries, for example, â€Å"Why am I here? Or on t he other hand â€Å"What's my motivation on this planet? ‘. The is the purpose behind why many acknowledge religion and confidence into their lives. Ordinarily people De sire for reason and purpose behind their lives. The hypothesis of Existentialism and the splendid personalities of Albert Campus and Jean Paul State, articulate that people have an inborn want to make reason in ones life. This needing for reason for existing is fulfilled through religion. Eventually science awns fails the how, and confidence answers the why it gives the motivation behind everything throughout everyday life, and the ever y quintessence of people and their definitive purpose.It is obvious that science considers that confidence and reason are in the same spot and basically can be thought about. Anyway it is contended that the confidence framework and t he quest for discerning responses to the universe are not on the same wavelength. Actually, Francis Cool lines, executive of the Human Genome Pro ject states, â€Å"God gave us an open door through science to comprehend the common world, however there will never be a logical evidence of God's existence† (Co Loins). It enlightens truth that science is there not to negate religion, yet is there with the end goal of further understanding the world we live in.It's motivation isn't to discredit relic particle, however rather to Kim 3 extend our insight into the what we have as of now, the earth. It further sup decays the point that reasonable reasoning and religion have a place in two distinct areas and shows that the two are basically two unique extents of taking a gander at the world, from a profound outlook and both an objective stance. Moreover Stephen Jay Gould, a renowned developmental bi eulogist proposes of the presence of devastating authoritative (Gould). Gold's hypothesis additionally know n as (NOAA) express that science and confidence have separate instructing domains.This discord implies that the discoveries a nd cases of both space don't need to negate one another. Professional departure in science doesn't need to negate the lessons of religion. Similarly religion d goes not need to control each part of one's life. It exhibits that other than the underlying act of pure trust, what trails can possibly be balanced as the presence of confidence and proportion anally identify with two unique areas. This is coexisting independently. In this manner the p relapse of sane reasoning and science ought not meddle with confidence and bad habit versa.Essentially these two efferent areas are two unique approaches to come nearer to, or accomplishing the Try HTH in their own separate fields. The statement that confidence doesn't cloud or seep into the coo ascent of sensible reasoning is made and stressed intensely. Generally, the philosophy that r elisions conviction thwarts one from discerning reasoning is invalidated as it's vigorously attested that the e two have a place in totally different ballpark s. Francis Collins, additionally in a roundabout way alludes to this hypothesis of Gold's authoritative with the announcement, â€Å"l was in a very reductionism casing of mind.The tats regularly what science forces upon your manner of thinking, and it really is great when you an utilize it to the common world. Be that as it may, I tried to apply it to everything else. Clearly the otherworldly world is another element'. Collins concedes that notwithstanding his various measure of long periods of science b tenth at Yale and the Human Genome Project, that the two areas of science and religion were is suggest not intended to Kim 4 commendation or negate one another. Eventually, one can basically both be a sic digestive system and a devotee. Moreover, it shows that the two spaces are to be sure there and the d principle of confidence doesn't forestall progress through judicious thinking.Therefore, when one cases t o accept, sound pivoting is as yet present, as a result of the basic tru th that the two have a place in contrast lease areas or locale of reasoning. There are obviously the uncommon events when confidence and reason do meet up ere. This doesn't mean, in any case, that religion refutes balanced reasoning. Before the age o f Columbus, the objective perspective incorporated the conviction that the world was level. A pop alular and exceptionally dubious thought at that point, both levelheadedness and religion delivered the Sam e end, that the world without a doubt was flat.This shows that in spite of the characterized limits wager when reason and promise, that both can likewise drift on similar goals. In the case of the world d being level, both science and religion complied with discerning reasoning that the world was level (re part that objectivity is the thing that the most ideal answer depends on the realities gave). D goes this not show that religion doesn't depreciate sound reasoning? It shows that religion does no t avoid levelheaded reasoning, but i nstead is additionally another method of accomplishing the Truth.Thomas Aquinas s contends that confidence and reason are simply rather two strategies however are connected in that nature is sees at first God and the investigation of nature is to contemplate God (Planting). Another occurrence where reason a d confidence impact, is the hypothesis of egocentricity. Levelheaded idea at the time bolstered the hellion enteric hypothesis dependent on the given proof of past researchers. The organization who intensely upheld this hypothesis was in all honesty the Catholic Church. This can be viewed as a demonstration of unreasonable y that the Church didn't put together their choices with respect to the given evidences.However, this isn't correct as crafted by supporters of the heliocentric hypothesis stayed covered up and blue-penciled, until we II after their own Kim 5 time. When these works were found sanity would be changed as individuals currently observe that the Sun is the middle an d not the earth dependent on the gave proof. It additionally go sees to show that reasonability changes after some time and eventually sets aside effort to change as proof develops. Religion is viewed as a mixture loaded up with feeling, and what better approach to RI d oneself from sane intuition than to fuse emotions?When one's feelings begin to take control, one's musings and activities frequently become silly. This being stated, feeling and SE mindset frequently follow religion and confidence, anyway considerably greater than feeling, is activity. Activities are a urgent part n pretty much every religion or reasoning. Without activity nothing is accomplished. As activities assume a significant job in religion, feelings are insignificant and can even be disheartened I n confidence. Ordinarily religion is regulated because of the alleged utilization of feelings and how h evilly religion depends on feeling. Anyway this isn't correct at all.The premise Of religion isn't s humble dep endent on feelings, but instead the activities and the quality or closeness of confidence that the individual conveys. This goes to state notwithstanding, that feelings aren't totally avoided by religion n, some are energized while others are disheartened totally. In Christianity the Ten Commandments that God gives people a lot of rules that gave to the Israeli test the information on specific activities and their virtues. It forgets about any part of feeling and are basically just standards of what to do and what not to do.The word â€Å"do† promptly incisor speaks activities and certain demonstrations yet not feelings. Through an Eastern degree, the conviction of activities and karma are a prime model. Moreover religion goes going to evade certain feelings the at frequently realize negative activities from people through the refrain â€Å"A fool gives full vent to his s free, yet a savvy man discreetly holds it back† (Proverbs 29:1 1). This well known section portray s the rest train whereupon Christianity places upon a person. It evades the declaration of one's feeling NSA particularly Kim 6 anger.Such limitations on feelings are additionally present in Eastern methods of reasoning and religions. In the religion of Hinduism, the release of feelings is clear. The essentials of Hinduism express that feelings thwart one from arriving at the purpose of edification. Further more feelings produce certain impeding wants inside a person that forestalls the standard TTY from seeing the Truth; that feelings and individual wants are negligible. Indeed, religion shuns a few feelings yet not all feelings. Feelings such a s bliss and e

Caliban quite complex Essay Example

Caliban very mind boggling Essay Example Caliban very mind boggling Essay Caliban very mind boggling Essay He is utilizing his training to be abhorrent and he is no uncertainty a detestable character. he shows the complexity between the edified and unrefined man. This makes Caliban an unpredictable character, it is the fight among nature and support. Despite the fact that he is taught he is eccentric and utilizations his instruction to do anything fiendish with it that is possible. Although he is idyllic he is additionally a savage monster which represents the complexities of individuals on the planet. This is additionally a method of Shakespeare uncovering his characters to the crowd. In Act 2 Scene 2 Caliban enters the scene conveying a heap of wood. This represents the overwhelming weight of his obligations and his circumstance both intellectually and truly advertisement may incite a response of compassion from the crowd. He stows away under a fabric apprehensive that prospero has sent somebody to torment him for being to slow with the wood. He would sound severe a contemptuous. Trinculo enters the phase here and is likewise apprehensive yet of the tempest and covers up under a similar material as Caliban. He distinguishes Caliban as a fish. This makes Caliban very intricate on the grounds that in spite of the fact that he isn't appealing to see he is instructed and now and again increasingly cultivated that the two guessed enlightened men. This is likewise how Shakespeare uncovers his characters, through their appearance promotion additionally through the manner in which they talk. For instance Caliban talks in section however Stephano and Trincuo talk in exposition. He sees the fish and declares he could bring in some cash out of him by letting individuals pay to see him. This is a fairly underhanded and narrow minded activity. When Stephano enters the scene he is singing and is exceptionally tanked. Caliban thinks he will be tormented and asks for absolution. Try not to torment me prithee : Ill bring myâ wood home faster Stephano has a similar thought regarding bringing in cash out of Caliban which shows that Trinculo and Stephano are both modest characters and not extremely humanized. Stephano offers wine to Caliban and thinks he is a beast with two voices however before long finds that it is Trinculo. Shakespeare, in this scene, uncovers Stephano and Trinculo as modest characters utilizing language. The two characters talk on composition. The pair celebrate and Caliban thinks they are divine beings. These be fine things, and in the event that they be not sprites : thats a valiant god, and bears divine alcohol: I will kneelâ to him. Caliban is an entirely guileless character and this is one of his complexities. He gets a little consideration and makes the provider a moment god. Hast thou not droppd from heaven? He is a crude character and in spite of the fact that he can talk in a canny manner he is still odd and has faith in lords of the sky and moon. This is additionally a way that Shakespeare uncovers Calibans character, through his character. In some sense he is idiotic on the grounds that he makes modest individuals into extraordinary divine beings and is set up to venerate Trinculor and Stephano. He misconstrues these characters. I will kiss thy foot: I prithee be my god. Caliban is known as a most ludicrous monster Which obviously is valid. During his ineptitude he doesnt overlook his scorn for thrive and devises an arrangement to make Trinculo and Stephano the leaders of the Islands. he incites humor yet He is being chuckled at not participate with laughter. He is committing similar errors again. Caliban is doubtlessly better instructed that Trinculo and Stephano. The two humble characters should be cultivated individuals yet they talk in exposition contrasted with Caliban who talks in refrain. This shows a difference between the characters. Caliban is happy to love individuals he is most likely progressively acculturated at that point. I concur that Caliban is a mind boggling character. This is appeared by the differentiation between his vunerabilty and his venomous nature. Shakespeare uncovers this through the presence of Caliban, his language and the manner in which he conveys his discourse. He is a mind boggling character as he can be venomous one second and afterward talk about his island and be exceptionally wonderful and fragile.

Alumni Stories John Porter, IF 82, MIA 83 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Alumni Stories John Porter, IF ’82, MIA ’83 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Every October, Columbians around the worldâ€"alumni, students, parents, friends, neighbors, faculty, and staffâ€"come together for Columbia Giving Day, a 24-hour online fundraising event  on Oct. 26, 2016. Our alumni are deeply committed to making a real difference in the world.  To support  Giving Day,  the work our alumni do,  and to virtually say thanks to all of SIPAs alumni who take on global issues, big and small, Ill share one alumni story a week every Friday this month.  The videos highlight the work of especially distinguished SIPA alumni, underscoring their various contributions to our society in the US and abroad. In 10 years at the World Bank, John Porter, IF ’82, MIA ’83 rose to become chief investment officer. Because developing countries can’t borrow in capital markets, he says, the World Bank plays a key role in in helping them to implement reforms, work out of debt, and gain freedom in planning for the future.

Analysis Of International Business Expansion Into Canada

Spokane Community College Analysis of International Business Expansion into Canada for a U.S. Based Hotel Chain James Murphy International Business – BUS120 Diana Osborne 16 June 2015 Summary Recommendation As a growing American hotel company, establishing a permanent place in local and national markets is our primary goal, and we wish to become nationally and internationally renowned as a business and tourist destination within the next 5 years. Our main mission is to provide high quality accommodations, and associated amenities and services at competitive prices to our targeted markets. Our basic business objectives are reflected in everything that we do, which is to contribute to the enrichment of the quality of lives for†¦show more content†¦Our pre-market research has shown the intended market to have plenty of room for a hotel such as ours. We will successfully brand our hotel as a 4-star quality hotel, which will be inspected and listed as such by all major travel agents and hotel associations nationally and internationally. We will continuously develop associations with the world travel, business and tourist organizations, and expect these alliances to further enhance o ur reputation as a quality destination. Our hotel will differentiate and position its business from competitors by offering a secure and pleasurable stay, providing high quality services, a state of the art security system, and professionally trained staff. Our concern for the environment and our level of no-fuss service and accountability will set us apart from other, more expensive, similarly positioned hotels in the area. Porter’s Diamond Factor Conditions Education and Training Canada spends the most amount of money, as a percentage of GDP, on education than any other country in the world. This is of course one of the reasons why the country has one of the highest educated populations. The level of skills within Canada’s workforce are ranked as one of the

Society s Ideal Body Image - 915 Words

American society pushes a fantasy of the idealized body through magazines, television, advertising, and social networks. The delusional principles centered on the â€Å"perfect body† have caused women to become insecure and feel less attractive. From a very young age, women are given the message that in order to be happy and pretty, they must look like a Barbie doll. Women need to become aware that society’s ideal body image is not feasible. Your body is merely a vessel that contains the beautiful mind and soul that makes who you are. Women need to focus on being attractive from what’s on the inside, rather than the outside. Everyone has flaws, so why not flaunt them? The poems that appealed to me emphasized that our society has created unattainable standards of perfection in body image. Over time, I have learned the most important aspect in life: perfection does not exist. It seemed like I had it all, good grades, amazing family and friends, and top runner on the cross-country and track team in high school. But, on the inside I was struggling. I hit rock bottom in April of 2012. I was flirting with death. I was a walking skeleton, barely able to plaster that fake smile on that gaunt face. Waking up to exist through another day brimming with self-hatred seemed impossible. My world came crashing down around me, and I finally realized I needed help. I told my parents, thus beginning my journey of overcoming anorexia. I was a ghost of my former self, consumed by a monster insideShow MoreRelatedThe Advertising Of Diet Plans And Supplements Essay1702 Words   |  7 PagesToday s society is constantly presented with misrepresentations of the ideal body image through the advertising of diet plans and supplements. 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Advertisements are enforcing the standards of beauty to encourage our youth to believe and aspire to become this contemporary based view of what beautiful

‘Manifesto of the Communist Party’ by Karl Marx Free Essays

Karl Marx developed theoretical concepts of society and its development explaining the workings of market economies and class relations. One of his main works, ‘Manifesto of the Communist Party’, vividly describes the main concepts and strategic vision of Communism, socialism and class struggle. Karl Marx was concerned with how income was shared among the three great social classes: workers and capitalists. We will write a custom essay sample on ‘Manifesto of the Communist Party’ by Karl Marx or any similar topic only for you Order Now A major concern of nineteenth-century social thinking was to identify the nature of industrialization and to trace its social and political effects. Social and economic environment led to development of ‘Manifesto of the Communist Party’. The era of Marx and the following decades were the era of Liberalism. During the years 1830 to 1930 the world was fast becoming an industrial society, yet its laws were based on an ideal of an agrarian society. During the second half of nineteenth century the world changed economically and socially. The book ‘Manifesto of the Communist Party’ consists of four sections: Bourgeois and Proletarians, Proletarians and Communists, Socialist and Communist Literature, the Opposition parties. Each section identifies and analyzes the main concepts of new industrial and social relations and gives historical examples of these events. In this book, Marx creates the economic, social and political theory and practice, develops capitalism theory explaining the role of a class in society. What is emphasized is the market as a system of exchanges rather than as an arena of compe ­tition; the persistent association of political particies and the pacification of economic relations relies on this emphasis. In the section ‘Bourgeois and Proletarians’, Marx introduces new materialist method in contrast to idealistic one. He examines the role of labor and labor relations, explains the struggle over the division of output and wage system. According to Marx capitalism is class struggle. Increasing polarization of the population divides it into two great classes, the bourgeoisie (capitalist) and the proletariat (workers). Marx states that â€Å"The bourgeoisie, by the rapid improvement of all instruments of production, by the immensely facilitated means of communication, draws all, even the most barbarian, nations into civilization† (Marx n.d.). In this situation, classes not only are the links be ­tween levels rather tight; they are unidirec ­tional, the causal flow going from economic structure through consciousness to action. Marx portrays that over time the two great classes directly facing each other defined by how they stand to the relations of production, gradually conso ­lidate under capitalism, absorbing other classes within them, developing class consciousness and industrial and political organizations, and in due course fight out a revolutionary conflict (Marx, n.d.). Marx explains the role of â€Å"the means of production† and â€Å"exchange† of goods in market economy. Marx states: â€Å"The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property† (Marx n.d.). The class struggle is explained as opposition between working class and the class of capitalists. Also, it is struggle of lower socioeconomic classes with higher socioeconomic classes. Given the irreconcilable conflict of interests between capital and labor, the outstanding feature of capitalist society is struggle based on historical development and new production modes. Also, Marx describes the relations and interconnection between capital and labor wages, the nature of competition and a revolutionary class. The second section of the book describes relationships between communists and the working class. Marx gives an overview of a communist society free from oppression, antagonism and exploitation. According to Marx, an ideal society should be classless. Marx states: â€Å"communism deprives no man of the power to appropriate the products of the society; all that it does is to deprive him of the power to subjugate the labor of others by means of such appropriations† (Marx n.d.). He criticizes land ownership and supports the state ownership. The main points of his program for the classless society are: abolition of property in land; progressive or graduated income tax; confiscation of emigrants’ property, importance of the centralized state bank, centralization of communication and transport, all should be equally obliged to work, leveling the differences between the town and country, free education for children (Marx, n.d.). Marx underlines that the differences between classes should be diminished in order to reach classless community. Moreover, and in consequence, there is no overall story of a development through time from class structure through class conscious ­ness to class action, nor any underlying theory of ‘class interests’ that could explain such a development: the historical possibilities are far more open and indeterminate. â€Å"When, in the course of development, class distinctions have disappeared, and all production has been concentrated in the hands of a vast association of the whole nation† (Marx n.d.). The focus at each class is also much broader: at the structural level, it encompasses not only productive relations but also the sphere of circulation and market positions; and at the levels of consciousness and action, and the spheres of consumption and distri ­bution as well as work and politics. Marx states that ‘political power’ should be used as ‘the organized power’ which protects â€Å"one class for oppressing another† (Marx n.d.). Also, Marx defines classes by their modes of collective action and shows how rights to productive resources, credentials, party membership, lineage, etc., can all be distinct bases for social closure in the struggle. Marx identifies the way of the transition from socialism to communism and advantages of the classless society. In the third section, â€Å"Socialist and Communist Literature†, Marx describes the differences between socialist and communist literature. He criticizes socialist trends and approaches such as Feudal Socialism, Petty-Bourgeois Socialism, Critical-Utopian Socialism, etc. This section is based on historical examples and analysis of social development and driven forces of class development. For instance, he explains the emergence of ‘petty bourgeoisie’ as a new class â€Å"fluctuating between proletariat and bourgeoisie† (Marx, n.d.). But their generally determinist attitude led them into a certain political passivity. Most of them anticipated socialist consciousness originating outside the working class. Marx underlines that German socialism is based on the struggle â€Å"against feudal aristocracy† (Marx, n.d.). A major concern of this thinking is to identify the nature of these relations and to trace their social and political effects. Speaking about Conservative or Bourgeois Socialism Marx states: â€Å"The bourgeoisie naturally conceives the world in which it is supreme to be the best† (Marz, n.d.). They distinguish society by its characteristic modes of production and economic life. However, what is thought to distinguish the society is not solely a new mode of production, but a new social imperative – the changing distribution of economic and social resources. Marx criticizes Critical-Utopian Socialism stating that such philosophers and economists as Fourier, Saint-Simon and Owen make a mistake taking into account only the ‘early undeveloped period’. This historical and social vision limits their understanding of the historical process and forces them †to consider themselves far superior to all class antagonisms† (Marx, n.d.). These theories can be thought of as ranged along a continuum whose poles can be neatly seen as occupied by the classical posi ­tions respectively. Not only are the links be ­tween levels rather tight; they are unidirec ­tional, the causal flow going from economic structure through consciousness to action. The fourth section gives overview of communist struggle and its impact on workers consciousness. Marx gives examples of four countries: France, Switzerland, Poland and Germany as the main countries where communism flourishes. The visible change in the attitudes to parties constitutes progress towards democracy and classless society. â€Å"In short, the Communists everywhere support every revolutionary movement against the existing social and political order of things† (Marx, n.d.). Accordingly, Communism presupposes the continued political significance of integrated patterns of thought whose outlines follow the historical doctrines of different parties. To understand Communism and its relations with working class it is necessary to take account of the institutions and parties involved, their ideologies and motives; it is necessary to consider not only the legal dimensions but also the behavioral dimensions of classes. Marx restates: â€Å"Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution† (Marx, n.d.). In sum, the book documents in detail how the economic position of classes have been developed. Given the irreconcilable conflict of interests between capital and labor, Marx vividly portrays that the outstanding feature of capitalist society is class conflict. One of the sharpest contradic ­tions of capitalism was precisely that between the social character of production and the individualist basis of ownership. Marx underlines that social conflict was a feature of the transition between older and newer social orders, world perception and values, and materialistic understanding of the world. Communism was professed by the major tendencies which emerged during the nineteenth century, and the most common classification schemes for ideologies build upon this historical material. References 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Manifesto of the Communist Party (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm [accessed 1 Dec 2006]    How to cite ‘Manifesto of the Communist Party’ by Karl Marx, Essay examples

The action of lipase Essay Example

The action of lipase Essay AIM: Lipases hydrolize fats into glycerol and fatty acids1, therefor to investigate how different amount (1 cm3, 2 cm3, 4 cm3, 8 cm3, 12 cm3, 20 cm3) of 3% lipase solutions break down the fat in 5 cm3 of milk.RESEARCH QUESTION: how fast can different amount (1 cm3, 2 cm3, 4 cm3, 8 cm3, 12 cm3, 20 cm3) of 3% lipase solutions break down the fat molecules in 5 cm3 of milk?INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: amount of 3% lipase solution (1 cm3, 2 cm3, 4 cm3, 8 cm3, 12 cm3, 20 cm3)DEPENDENT VARIABLE: the speed (measured in minutes) of hydrolizing fat moleculesCONTROLLED VARIANLE: concentration of lipase solution, amount of milk, amount and concentration of sodium carbonate solutionHYPOTHESES: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ lipase hydrolize fats into glycerol and fatty acid1 therefore as the amount of lipase is increased, the fat molecules will be hydrolized faster and fasterà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ boiled lipase will not break down fat molecules, because the enzymes denaturate on high temperatureMaterials: Equipments:-milk -test tu bes-0.05M sodium carbonate solution -test tube rack-phenolphthalein indicator -test tube holder-3% lipase solution -dropping pipette-graduated pipette-Bunsen burner-beaker-watchPROCEDURE:1. Using a graduated pipette, 5 cm3 of milk is placed in seven test tubes.2. 7 cm3 sodium carbonate solution is placed in each test tube.3. Using a dropping pipette phenolphthalein is add to each tube until the contests are bright pink. The test tubes are shaken well after adding each drop.4. In a spare tube about 15 mm 3 % lipase solution is placed and the liquid is heated over a Bunsen burner until it boils for a few seconds. The tube is cooled and 1 cm3 of boiled liquid is transported to test tube 1.5. With a graduate pipette 1 cm3 unboiled lipase solution is placed in test tube 2.6. With a graduate pipette 2 cm3 unboiled lipase solution is placed in test tube 3.7. With a graduate pipette 4 cm3 unboiled lipase solution is placed in test tube 4.8. With a graduate pipette 8 cm3 unboiled lipase solu tion is placed in test tube 5.9. With a graduate pipette 12 cm3 unboiled lipase solution is placed in test tube 6.10. With a graduate pipette 20 cm3 unboiled lipase solution is placed in test tube 7.11. The test tubes is shaken to mix the contents.DATA COLLECTION:à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Colour of the solution (milk, sodium carbonate solution): whiteà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Colour of the solution (milk, sodium carbonate solution, phenolphthalein): bright pinkà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To the seven test tubes 5 0.5 cm3 milk and 7 0.5 cm3 sodium carbonate solution was placed.Table 1. Observations of the action of lipaseTest tube number/ -Boiled/ -Amount of lipase solution added/ cm3 0.5Time taken to become white/ min 0.51yes1-2no1403no2354no4265no8116no1257no202Table 2. Observations of the action of lipase Student ATest tube number/ -Boiled/ -Amount of lipase solution added/ cm3 0.5Time taken to become white/ min 0.51yes1-2no1493no2264no4155no876no1257no203Table 3. Observations of the action of lipase Student BTest tube number/ -Boiled/ -Amount of lipase solution added/ cm3 0.5Time taken to become white/ min 0.51yes1-2no1313no2194no4105no886no1257no203à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ In each case the measurement of time started after placing the lipase solution, and shaking the test tube.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Regarding the scale of numbers (from 3 to 40 in average see Table 4.) it was uneccasary to measure the time with the accuracy of seconds.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ In each case the test tube containig the unboiled lipase solution (tube 1) did not reach the stage of becoming white during the time of lab (about 90 min), this is denoted with a - sign.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The scaling of the graduated pipette was 1 cm3 therefor the accuracy might differ by 0.5 cm3 .DATA PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION:Table 4. The action of lipase average time taken for the solution to become whiteTest tube number/ -Boiled/ -Amount of lipase solution added/ cm3 0.5Average time/ min half of the range1yes1-2no140.9 9.03no226.6 8.04no417.0 8.05no88.6 2.06no125.0 0.07no 202.6 0.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½The average is reported with half of the range (instead of standard deviation), because of the small number of replicates. The samll number of replicates did not allow to leave out any of the obtained data. see conclusion and evaluation to see the possible way of avoiding this problem.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Graph 1. represents the data of Table 4. plotted on a graph. On the x axis the independent variable (amount of lipase) and on the y axis the dependent variable (the time taken for the solution to become white) can be seen. The best-fit line is drawn linear, going through the range boxes. If the x and the y values were of the same distance from the origo, then the best-fit line would be 45o.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Tube 1 boiled lipase is not plotted on the graph because it was the contol test, to make sure that the colour change does not happen anyway and that the role of the lipase is responsible for the colour change, since the enzymes denaturate in high temperature, change shap e, therefore do not work any more.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The horizontal error bars represent amount of lipase (cm3) 0.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The vertical error bars represent the average time (min) half of the range (in case oftube 2 2 cm3 the range was 0)à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ No systematic error occured during this experiment, the random errors are discussed above graduating pipette, watchCONCLUSION AND EVALUATION:à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The hypotheses were supportive, because as it can be seen on Graph 1, as the amount of lipase was increased, the solution changed colour faster and faster, in sciantifically speaking more and more lipid was broken down to glycerol and fatty acid. The boiled lipid did not change to colour of the solution no lipid was broken down.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ In this experiment the time taken for the solution (milk, sodium carbonate solution, phenolphthalein, lipase solution) to become white was tested. Phenolphthalein is and acid/base indicator. It starts to be bright pink because the carbonate ions i n the sodium carbonate give the overall pH to be alkaline. It is transparent in acid solution. When the lipase breaks down the fat molecules (lipids) into fatty acid and glycerol, the pH decreases into the acid range and the colour of the phenolphthalein fades. This allows the white colour of milk to come through.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The lipase in the controll test (tube 1) denaturated on high temperature, and could not function any more, so no fat molecule was broken down, therefore the pH of the solution did not change, and the colour of phenolphthalein did not indidcate the change of pH, and the white colour of milk could not come through. This is why it is dangerous for humans to have a raised temperature (fever), because the heat unables the enzymes to function, on which the human body is reliant. Lipase is used as biological washing powder (since it breaks down the fat molecules) but if it is put in hot wash, the fat does not come out of the clothes, because lipase denaturates.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ On Graph 1. it can be seen that the action of lopase is in inverse proportion to time.SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER IMPROVEMENT:à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To calculate the average time taken for the solution to become white, more students data should be used.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The action of lipase could have been tested in another way as well: the test tubes should be observed at a certain time, and the dependent variable would be the ratio of pink and white in the test tube. It would show that as the amount of lipase is increased, the ratio of white will be greater and greater. For the contol test boiled lipase the ratio of pink and white would be 1:0. Although there are many source of error for this experiment, mainly measuring the ratio. I would suggest using ruler, but cause difficulties how to measure the u-shaped bottom of the test tubes.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Testing tube 1 and 2 the conclusion was that the enzyme lipase denaturates on high temperature. To go further, I would suggest an experiment to tes t at what temperature does enzyme lipase denaturate. For this, lipase on room temperature (about 21 Co) and heated lipase (25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 Co) should be used. The independent variable: temperature of lipase, the dependent variable: time taken for the solution to become white, and the controlled variable: amount of solutions added, including lipase.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ I would suggest to use 1 drop of 1 M sodium hydroxide insted of sodium carbonate, because glycerol has three alcohol groups and each of these weakly dissociates to give acid character. The carbonate ions react in acid giving off CO2 and a froming a hydroxide after the hydrolysis of water molecules. These then neutralise the acid, so carbonate ions act like a buffer therefore the acid production cannot be registered as fast as it should be. Therefore 1 drop of1 M sodium hydroxide should be use, to avoid the buffer effect.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The random error of using graduated pipette cannot be avoided. Measuring the time could h ave been done with the accuracy of seconds, the reason for not doing so is discussed above in the data collection section.