Supraglacial Environment Analysis

Supraglacial Environment Analysis Some places on Earth are so cold that water is a solid—ice or snow [1]. These frozen places of our planet are called the Cryosphere by our Scientists.The term â€Å"Cryosphere† comes from the Greek word â€Å"kryos† which means cold, frost or ice and â€Å"sphaira† which means globe. Those regions of the Earth’s surface where water is in the solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets and frozen grounds (which includes permafrost) are referred to as cryosphere. The cryosphere is an integral part of the global climate system with important linkages and feedbacks generated through its influence on surface energy and moisture fluxes, clouds, precipitation, hydrology, atmospheric and oceanic circulation. Through these feedback processes, the cryosphere plays a significant role in theglobal climateand inclimate modelresponse to global changes [2]. Cryosphere is believed to be at the top and bottom of our planet, in the Polar Regions by most of the people. The area around the North Pole is the Arctic region and the area around the South Pole is the Antarctic region. Snow and ice are also found at many other locations on Earth, other than these two Polar Regions [1]. Located at the Earths South Pole, Antarctica is an icy continent. A huge ice sheet covers the land mass of Antarctica and, in some places, shelves of floating ice extend into the ocean. The outer sections of ice break off or calve from these shelves and form icebergs. The icebergs float in the oceans, melting and falling apart as they drift into warmer waters [1]. The Antarctic Ice Sheet is the largest mass of ice on Earth. Supraglacial Environment Literally, supraglacial means of, relating to, or situated or occurring at the surface of a glacier. Supraglacial environment consists of Supraglacial lakes and ponds, supraglacial streams and, supraglacial dust and debris. Supraglacial Lakes and Ponds Any pond of liquid water on the top of aglacier is called a supraglacial lake. Although these pools aretransient, they may reach kilometers in diameter and could be several meters deep. They usually last for months or even decades at a time, but can vacant in the course of hours. The lakes usually emerge from the assembly of summer meltwater in catchment basins. Supraglacial Streams A stream that flows over the surface of a glacier is called supraglacial streams. Most supraglacial streams descend viaMoulin into the depths or base of a glacier or originate from melting snow, ice fields and glacial ice. Supraglacial Dust and Debris Debris that is carried on the surface of a glacier is called supraglacial debris. It is also known as supraglacial moraines. It is normally derived from weathering processes that occur during seasonal precipitation, melt/ refreeze cycles or supraglacial activity (i.e. transport) rates and tends to be blocky angular boulders and sediments in character.Heavy volcanic supraglacial debris is composed of fine grained volcanic ash, tephra or large ballistics that is ejected during eruptions. The Polar Regions, are remote and often inaccessible, in terms of their location. Investigations based on field of the entire Polar Region are very strenuous, and rarely possible. Satellite remote sensing is a low cost solution to obtain excellent coverage of the Polar Regions from a view point in space. By using remote sensing data and techniques it is now possible to investigate the high latitude regions in a way that was unimaginable even a few decades ago. Over the past two decades, the Polar Regions have homogenously shown the first distinctive evidence of human industrial activity on Earth’s atmosphere and climate (Luban and Massom, 2007) [5]. The first was the 1985 discovery of the ozone â€Å"hole,† an annual disappearance of most of the ozone layer over Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, whose cause was quickly identified as an interaction between industrial chlorofluorocarbon pollutants and unique ice clouds that form in the extremely cold Antarctic stratosphere. More recently, both satellite data and submarine research cruises have documented the dramatic decrease in both geographic extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice, such that if no action is taken to curb industrial greenhouse gas emissions, Arctic sea ice could disappear altogether in the summer season by the end of this century. In 1981, India undertook its National Antarctic Program within the aegis of Department of Ocean Development (DOD) of the Government of India. ACentre dedicated to Antarctic Expeditions, named as ‘Antarctic Study Centre (ASC)’ was established at Goa in 1988.The ASC was eventually upgraded into an autonomous institute ‘National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR) under DOD (now known as Ministry of Earth Sciences). Maitri station was built in 1989 on the Schirmacher Oasis in Queen Maud Land. India previously operated the station Dakshin Gangotri from 1983 – 1989 which was abandoned after being buried in ice. Around 3,000 kilometers from Maitri station, India extended its Antarctic presence by building a new station named Bharati in the Larsemann Hills region.The Bharati station has been operational since 18th March 2012. Ordinarily, resolution is thought to be as the ability to separate and differentiate adjacent objects or items in a scene, be it in a photo, an image or real life. Frequently resolution is specified in terms of the linear size of the smallest features we can discriminate (often expressed in meters). But contrast impacts our ability to resolve between objects: if two items are the same color, they may be tough to separate, but if they are sharply different in color, tone, or brightness we can recognize them more clearly. Remote sensors estimate differences and variations of objects that are often reported in terms of four main resolutions, each of which affect the accuracy and functionality of remote sensors to habitat mapping. The details noticeable in an image are dependent on the spatial resolution of the sensor and refer to the size of the smallest possible feature that can be identified. Spatial resolution of passive sensors depends essentially on their Instantaneous Field of View (IFOV). The IFOV is the angular cone of visibility of the sensor (A) and determines the area on the Earths surface which is seen from a given altitude at one particular moment in time (B). The size of the area viewed is determined by multiplying the IFOV by the distance from the ground to the sensor (C). This area on the ground is called the resolution cell and decides a sensors greatest spatial resolution. For an analogous feature to be detected, its size generally has to be equal to or larger than the resolution cell. If the feature is smaller than this, it may not be detectable as the average brightness of all features in that resolution cell will be recorded. However, smaller features may sometimes be detectable if their reflectance influences within a particular resolution cell allowing sub-pixel or resolution cell recognition. Images where only large features are visible are said to have coarse or low resolution. In fine or high resolution images, small objects can be identified. Military sensors for example, are designed to for detailed view, and so have very fine resolution. Commercial satellites provide imagery with resolutions differing from a few meters to several kilometers. Usually finer the resolution, the less whole ground area would be visible. The ratio of distance on an image or map, to actual ground distance is called scale. If a map is with scale of 1:100,000, an object of 1cm length on the map would really be an object 100,000cm (1km) long on the ground. Maps or images with small map-to-ground ratios are referred to as small scale (e.g. 1:100,000), and those with larger ratios (e.g. 1:5,000) are called large scale. Spectral response and spectral emissivity curves specifies the reflectance and/or emittance of a feature or target across a range of wavelengths. Dissimilar classes of features and details in an image can frequently be distinguished by contrasting their responses over distinct ranges of wavelength. Extensive classes such as water and vegetation can generally be separated using very broad ranges of wavelength (the visible and near infrared). More specific classes like rock types may not be easily distinguishable using only these broad ranges of wavelength and require comparison at much finer ranges of wavelengths to separate them. Hence we require a sensor with higher spectral resolution for such specific classification. Spectral resolution describes the ability of a sensor to define fine intervals of wavelength. Finer is the spectral resolution, narrower will be the ranges of wavelength for a particular channel or band. As the spatial structure of an image is described by the arrangement of pixels, the actual information content in an image is described by the radiometric characteristics. The sensitivity of the image to the magnitude of the electromagnetic energy is determined by the radiometric resolution, whenever an image is captured on film or by a sensor. The radiometric resolution of an imaging system describes its ability to differentiate very slight contrast in energy. Finer the radiometric resolution of a sensor, more sensitive it is to detecting small differences in reflected or emitted energy. When a 2-bit image is compared with an 8-bit image, there is a large difference in the level of details observable depending on their radiometric resolutions. The concept of temporal resolution is also important to consider in a remote sensing system, in addition to spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolution. It is the concept of revisit period, which refers to the length of time it requires for a satellite to finish one complete orbit cycle. The revisit period is usually several days for a satellite sensor. Thus the absolute temporal resolution of a remote sensing system to image the exact same area at the same viewing angle a second time is equal to this period. Still some areas of the Earth tend to be re-imaged more frequently because of some degree of overlap in the imaging swaths of adjacent orbits for most satellites and the increase in this overlap with increasing latitude. Also, some satellite systems are able to point their sensors to image the same area between different satellite passes parted by periods from one to five days. So, the actual temporal resolution of a sensor depends on a variety of factors, including the satell ite/sensor capabilities, the swath overlap, and latitude. WorldView-2 is the first high-resolution 8-band multispectral commercial satellite launched in October 2009. It operates at an altitude of 770 km and provides 50 cm panchromatic resolution and 2 m multispectral resolution. The average revisit time of World View-2 is of 1.1 days and it is also capable of collecting up to 1 million km2 of 8-band imagery per day. Every sensor is narrowly concentrated on a specific range of the electromagnetic spectrum that is sensitive to a particular feature on the ground, or a property of the atmosphere. They are designed together to improve the segmentation and classification of land and aquatic features beyond any other space-based remote sensing platform. The agricultural growth, increased urbanization and natural processes all contribute towards the reshaping nature of land use and land cover around the globe. Remote sensing is recognized as an essential tool for understanding the changes over a large and small scale. Presently various satellites are being engaged to observe and study the globe. WV-2 brings out a high degree of detail to classification processes, with 8 strictly focused spectral sensors ranging from visible to near infrared, combined with 2 meter spatial resolution, enabling a finer level of intolerance and improving decision-making in both the public and private sector. The table given below explains the various characteristics of the important high resolution satellites. The World Viiew-2 is the satellite, which is having 0.5 m spatial resolution which has been used for this particular study. Features of World View-2 satellite are: Very high resolution The most spectral diversity commercially available 4 standard colors: Blue, Green, Red, NIR-1 4 new colors: Coastal, Yellow, Red Edge, NIR-2 Bi- directional scanning Orbit altitude: 770 km, sun-synchronous Dynamic range: 11-bits per pixel Swath width: 16.4 km at nadir Benefits of World View-2 satellite are: Provides highly detailed imagery for precise map creation, change detection, and in-depth image analysis. Geo-locate features to less than 5 m to create maps in remote areas, maximizing the utility of available resources. Collects, stores, and downlinks a greater supply of frequent update global imagery products than competitive systems. Stereoscopic collection on a single pass ensures image continuity and consistency of quality. Provides the ability to perform precise change detection, mapping and analysis at unprecedented resolutions in 8-band multispectral imagery. In addition to dedicated satellite instruments and programs that have monitored critical manifestations of climate and atmospheric change, such as the retreat of Arctic Sea Ice, the motion of the Antarctica Ice Sheets and the evolution of the ozone ‘hole’ in both polar regions, many serendipitous applications of satellite remote sensing have come forward for polar research. A survey of polar remote sensing accomplishments is particularly useful at this point in time, as the earth science community is experiencing a transition to a new generation of satellite remote sensing instruments with an order of magnitude greater capability than their predecessors. The Antarctica ice sheet alone covers an area of ~12.4Ãâ€"106 km2, and averages ~2.4 km in thickness, with a maximum of ~4.7 km (in the Wilkes sub-glacial basin between Casey and Vostok) and a volume of ~25.7Ãâ€"106 km3. It stores ~90% of the world’s ice, equivalent to ~70% of its freshwater or an approx. 65 m rise in global sea level was it to melt. This Antarctica Ice sheet play a central role in the global climate system, interacting in a complex fashion with the atmosphere and ocean, acting as major hemispheric heat sinks as a result of the radiatively induced Equator to pole temperature difference, and dominating the high-latitude radiation balance by virtue of their high albedo. Ice sheets have profound direct and indirect impacts on patterns of oceanic and atmospheric temperature and circulation and also biogeochemical cycles [11]. Studying and analyzing Antarctica using satellite remote sensing is not an old practice. It started way back in 1972 with the launch of Landsat-1(formerly ERTS-1). It kept on growing since then with the use of microwave and thermal remote sensing datasets. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) datasets have played a vital role in understanding this remote continent. In this research we have applied a combination of existing image processing methods and a novel feature extraction workflow to DigitalGlobe’s WorldView-2 (WV-2) satellite imagery, in order to study Antarctica at maximum achievable spatial resolution. Our protocol also compares widely used image fusion algorithms all over the researcher’s community. During the past 30-40 years, satellite and other remote sensing methods have provided a massive wealth of new data to transform understanding of the Antarctic. While important, field measurements are logistically demanding, expensive, and scanty. Satellites can measure and monitor remote and vast areas in a sustained, consistent, systematic, repetitive, and cost-effective fashion and on a variety of scales alone. Using high-spatial resolution data is the only practical approach for generating detailed and accurate information on the landscape and land cover in the Antarctic, where field measurements are laborious. The capabilities of these state-of-the-art satellites have not been thoroughly explored for mapping land cover in cryospheric regions. Widely, sea-ice spectral reflectance (ratio of radiant energy reflected by a body to that incident upon it) depends upon its age and thickness, and the presence/absence of a snow cover. Snow reflectance depends on the refractive index of ice, grain-size distribution, density, depth, and liquid-water content. Maps of surface albedo (the ratio of upwelling to down welling radiative flux at the surface) can be retrieved from satellite radiance data after accurately masking cloud, correcting atmospheric effects, and converting angular measurements to the ‘‘full hemisphere’’ angular distribution of the surface (the bidirectional reflectance distribution function [BRDF]). While the broadband albedo of ice-free ocean is ~0.05-0.1 that of sea ice ranges from ~0.1 to ~0.9 enabling ice-ocean discrimination and ice type classification. The strong sensitivity of NIR radiation to snow grain-size growth with melting further enables the detection/monitoring of seasonal mel t/refreeze. Ice-sheet surface grain size is itself retrievable from 1.6 mm data (e.g., from the Global Imager [GLI] aboard ADEOS-II [operational from 2002–2003]). High and very high resolution sensors acquire data over a narrow swath (

Mean Creek

Film Report ‘Mean Creek' In the film ‘mean creek' directed by Jacob Aaron Estes. We see a group of teenagers who try to play a trick on the bully in the movie, but it goes horribly wrong. A main Idea In the film Is the way the relationships change between everybody from the start to the end of the movie. The director uses 4 aspects, sound, lighting, camera shots and dialogue, to communicate the theme of change in friend/relationships.The director uses camera shot, lighting and sound in the scene where they are all sitting on the river bank after they play truth and dare and George gets pushed overboard by Rocky because he wouldn't shut up about Martyr's father, but then George freaks out and drowns to death. We see a long shot of them all sitting away from catheter. The director uses positioning to show the feeling of Isolation. The director uses this aspect to communicate the beginning of separation between there friendships.They all feel guilty because they had decided not to play the trick on George anymore, because they started to feel sorry for him, but Marty choose otherwise. The director uses the lighting of a blue filter across the screen to show that this a sad moment and everything has been completely messed up. The sounds of Violins and soft music in the background gives us that felling that everything is changing for the worst and that their relationships will probably never be the same again.Also the aspect of lighting and sound links into the theme of separation and contributes to the mood because up to this point there group was always collective, but are now separate. Now they all have different decisions on what happens to George. Some want to bury him and the others want to confess and go to the police so they don't look guilty. After George dies it goes all silent and that's when it starts to et darker. The director uses dialogue and close ups in the scene where Millie runs off and Sam follows her. We hear the dialogue between the m â€Å"Buck you. † â€Å"We can never be forgiven for what we did. We see a the close up of Mile's face and how scared and traumatized she Is. The director uses these aspects to show us how much Millie has changed from the start, when she was day dreaming about her date with Sam. She seemed so innocent and was only concerned about what she was going to talk to Sam about on her date. Millie was the only one who didn't know of the plan until they got to the river. So there Is a sense of betrayal between her and Sam. This shows how murder can change the way people feel and their relationships can be affected in a situation like this.I think the director is trying to show us how people deal with guilt. Millie try's to blame Sam, Sam try's to blame Marty. But really they are all to blame, they were all apart of It. The director uses sound and close ups in the scene where they are paddling back to 1 OFF paddles hitting the water. The director uses the sound of water to remind us that they are surrounded by water, that water is what killed George and they can't get way from what they did. We also see close ups of each of their faces one at a time. We know that each character is going through conflicting emotions.There is no eye contact or emotion between each other. Their faces look exhausted and pale, some with tears down their face. The director uses these aspects to show and communicate the feeling of guilt and disbelief. It almost gives you a sick feeling in the pit of your stomach. The nonexistent dialogue between each other shows the breakdown In their relationships and makes us wonder what they're thinking and feeling. This for me was one of the most powerful scenes throughout the movie, because I know nothing could be the same again.Lighting is used in the scene where they're driving back from the river and its all dark and silent. It gives off a gloomy, uneasy feel almost like that what they're feeling inside and that's being portrayed through the l ighting of the scene. The director used this aspect to communicate the change in all their relationships between one another, because as seen in the start of the movie the lighting is bright and there is lots of color to give Off nice, relaxed vibe. So the darkness and lack of light gives us he feeling that their relationships have somewhat deteriorated since earlier that day.It also shows the passing of time as it was daylight at the start of their trip and now its evening. This could symbolize not only the end of the day, but the end of Georges life. Also the loss of their innocence. In conclusion he director has communicated the theme of the change in all of their friend/relationships throughout the movie with the help of these four aspects, lighting, sound, camera shots and dialogue. I think this film helped me realize that because of a little mistake made by someone, can or will change your life forever. By Messiah Wales

Analysis And Recommendations Managing People Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3083 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? According to the results operations management of both companies need to recognize the crucial role and importance of people management in the success of company. Recruitment process: Management of both companies need to bring some changes in recruitment process. They should advertise the jobs in other community newspapers because airport newspapers are mostly approachable to the people only working within the airport. This tends to create a trend of people moving from one company to another and reduces healthy competition. People with fresh ideas and talent remain behind due to lack of information. If the jobs are advertised externally then the firms would have a larger pool of talent to select the candidates and this would ultimately lead to increase in the quality of work. Time scale is very important factor in the recruitment process. From the primary research it is gathered that time scale is a negative aspect within the recruitment process of both companies. Management of both companies should consider this issue as a priority and need to take some bold steps to reduce the time period between the person applying for job and the person starting the wo rk. In AIS time period is between 4 to 5 months and in I-Sec time period is between 1 to 2 months. I-Sec Limited has hired an external company for reference check thats why their total recruitment process duration reduced. AIS Limited may also need to follow this approach to reduce their duration of recruitment. The management of AIS Limited needs to review their policy of interview. They should arrange the second interview with operational manager and duty manager as the selected candidate is expected to work closely with operational manager and duty manager. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis And Recommendations Managing People Business Essay" essay for you Create order Training: Operations management of both companies are providing different courses to their employees to improve their skills but they still need to do more work in this area. Both companies are providing Level 1 Training to each staff member. Level 1 training is very basic training to enter in aviation security. It is basic necessity from DFT (Department of transport) to pass this exam with 85% marks. Management need to arrange the exam in a more strict fashion so only capable candidates are selected , secondly they should arrange refreshers course after every year for revision purposes and updated standards/laws so the employees are aware of the latest development within the industry, Management needs to understand the role of both types of training (on-job off-job) in the success of the company. Management should provide the staff on-job training for each post as they would be expected to undertake this role on their own. It is suggested that initially one experienced staff or super visor should work with them at least for a whole a day on one post. In this way new staff will gain the required confidence and perform the duty according to the requirements. Secondly management should send their staff on different seminars and lectures arranged by different organizations on the topic of aviation industry and security requirements or any topic related to aviation industry or security. It will improve their skills and capabilities which will be ultimately prove successful for the company. Motivation: Motivation is internal processes which direct behaviour (Naylor, 2002). Management should understand the importance of motivation if they aim to direct employees efforts towards recognizing the objectives and success of the company. Both companies need to develop a framework for motivation of the employees. It was noticed that key staff members were leaving AIS Limited because of lack of motivation. In I-Sec Limited, similar situation was observed however motivation was marginally better Company management need to introduce the culture of promotions, bonus and annual increments. They need to develop the environment of appreciation and recognition. Management should try to empower the employees which motivate the employees to achieve the company goals. Management should introduce rewards on individual performances and distribution of rewards should be fair. Leadership: Management of both companies must provide strong leadership if they are to succeed in long term. The lack of leadership is felt at a time when companies are in the process of adopting new procedures but are taking time to implement because managers have no direct communication channel with employees. Manager should be the combination of leader and administrator if companies are to succeed and achieve higher ranking within the industry. Unfortunately both companies have lot of managers but no leader. Leader should be a role model for followers so they can learn belief and admire. Leader can motivate the staff towards company objectives which and in some way this influences the performance of the organization. Biggest obstruction against the innovation in company is creating the interest and belief of people toward this change. Only good leadership can encourage the employees and satisfy them about their concerns. Job Design: Job design is about how we structure individuals jobs and the workplace or environment in which they work and their interface with the technology they use (Slack et al 2004). Management of both companies needs to consider and pay attention towards the relationship between employee and job during the process of design the job. They should consider these factors during this process. Job Rotation: Management of both companies needs to encourage and understand the concept and approach of job rotation. Moving the staff from one post to another is beneficial for both employee and the management. Job rotation of employees will increase skill flexibility which is useful for company in case of shortage of staff, management can overcome this problem because staff will be capable to work on other post when needed due to absence of the other staff and this in turn increases the worth of employee Job enlargement enrichment: Management should try to enlarge and enrich the job perfor med by a person. If one agent remains whole day at on one post then he/she is likely to be bored and inactive at that the position which will automatically affect the performance. Both companies management need to adopt the policy of job rotation and enrichment. Secondly management needs to give its staff the required authority and allow them to take decisions if any problem is faced. Taking this approach will help increase employees confidence and performance will improve which indirectly will improve the performance of the company. Organization culture: Organizational culture is the system of shared actions, values, and beliefs that develop within an organization and guide the behavior of its members (Hunt.J.G Osborn.R.N). Management of both companies needs to establish a friendly culture in the organizations. Management of both companies should create an open and flexible culture so sharing necessary information is easy. Communal culture would be better for both companies. This type of culture is a combination of both performance and friendship. People have good relations with each others, like and help each other but maintain their focus on their task and goal. This type of culture is suitable for success of company. Improve Team Effectiveness: Companies need to move forward by leaving away the concept of person-specific and by adopting the concept of team leadership. This concept should reflect in their planning, coordination, vision and utilization of resources by the leader. Additionally in their internal control system and in the procedure of work flow which deal in crises and provides high level of teamwork, output and communication. Companies need to understand and motivate the processes of team development. Secondly to ensure their structure, goals, vision and approach towards exceptional changes in combined objective and goal achievement. Companies need to accomplish best practice to describe organizational task and objectives. Operations Management of both companies need to recognize Strengths and weaknesses of individual team members. The needs of individual and provide this opportunity to the organization. The need of coaching in order to solve problems within the team and to increase their level of motivation, flexibility and develop new combinations of teams. Establish an infrastructure for Performance monitoring and continuous improvement. Decision making: Decision making processes are heart of management activity in business world thats why management needs to recognize its importance in the success of the company. In both companies the decisions are taken at upper level. Management need to take some steps for the success of company. Management should establish a decision making process. Manage a decision making team which include the members of all the departments. Before final decision, management should consider all the suggestions. Before implement the decision, management should take in confidence all the employees. Management needs to follow the different methods for decision making. 1): Break-even analysis 2): Preference matrix 3): Decision theory 4): Decision tree Management can take help from break-even analysis method to specify the alteration required in demand or volume earlier than second option become more enhanced for the company or organization instead of first one. Preference matrix hel ps the management in decision making process to deal with different options instead to access on a single measure of merit. Decision theory helps the management when the conclusions are indecisive to select the best choice. Decision tree method helps the management when there are relations between todays and tomorrows decisions and incidents means todays decision can be effected by any incident happen tomorrow in other words decisions are made in sequence. Employee involvement: Employee involvement in decision making process can play a crucial role in success of company. This can happen by transferring knowledge, information and power down towards lower level. It is the responsibility of management to design such infrastructure in which employee involvement and commitment to the organization can be developed. Companies should recognize the importance of this factor in the success and improvement in overall business. Suggestion schemes and quality circles are the two ways of achieving this aim. Suggestion schemes: Suggestion scheme will be fruitful approach to involve the employees in decision making process. Management need to introduce and establish suggestion schemes. The main aim of these schemes should to encourage employees to come up with their suggestions and ideas. Management need to consider these ideas and suggestions during their decision making process and planning for future carefully and also on a good and profitable suggestion should be rewarded. Quality circles: Management need to introduce groups around 8 or 10 people from different contracts and provide them opportunity to meet weekly for on hour where they can discuss and solve different problems which they are facing on daily basis rather than making suggestions and wait for others to consider . It is the responsibility of the management to provide training to these groups about new skills like problem investigation, how to work and behave in groups, how to solve problem and implement new ideas and how to develop innovation and creativity. Need to provide them powers to implement their solutions. Empowered supervisors: Supervisor is the leader of the team and should be able to anticipate and react positively towards problems and guide the staff in terms of approach and dedication to the job. For those purposes supervisor should be empowered and have authority to take decisions. Operations management of both companies need to empowered their supe rvisors in terms of decision making. Planning and control: Planning selects the direction and points the organization along the route; control ensures that the direction is maintained (Naylor, 2002). Operations Management of both companies needs to recognize the critical role of planning and control in the success of the company. Both companies need to do much work in this area. Both companies have different airlines contract on Heathrow airport related to security and customer services. Companies have to provide the security to the aircraft during the stay on Heathrow airport. Mostly airlines flights come with in gap of 30 Minutes or 1 hour and flights stay 2 to 3 hours on the ground. So both companies needed lot of staff at the same time to manage this situation. Most of the airlines always complain about mismanagement and short of staff. Management needed a lot of planning and control to over come this situation. Management required taking bold steps and developing a system for planning which provide the framework for control. Management should understand the concept of reconciliation of supply and demand in terms of timing, quality and volume. Management need to take some bold steps to improve the communication skills of their employee by arranging different courses or by sending their staff to different institutions for attending communication skills lectures. Within the recruitment process they should introduce some basic level of education requirement. Management needs to put an emphasis on the strategy and its implementation. Empowered the in-charges and produce good planners should be the part of strategy. Operations Management of both companies needs to understand the basic requirements before making a plan They should be clear about their goal or objectives. Make a list of actions. Investigate, prioritize and reduce Translate the list into a plan Monitoring and implementation of plan Analysis of plan on regularly basis Operations management needs to understand the reason behind a plan. Uncertain conditions become the basis to create a plan. In business environment these uncertain conditions are the part of it. The basic motive behind these plans is to identify the ambiguity and its different solutions. How to improve management control systems: Control system is essential for any company or organization to coordinate and control the activities of different departments, sections and divisions. Most control systems are inefficient or fail because they are past-action-oriented. Setting Performance standards: Management should set the performance standard with the input from the employees because ultimately their performance is the main goal to achieve and measured. Management should keep in mind that these standards should be achievable and acceptable to individuals because they have to accomplish. The targets can be difficult but should be in range of capabilities of employees. Because high standards de-motivate the staff and efforts towards the goal are not effective. Managers should also consider number of standards which are applicable because too many standards can cause confusion as the employees will not be able to give full attention. Measure and compare actual with planned results: After setting the standards the second important factor is to measure and compare actual with. The management should take into account the input from the employee for selection of person. In most cases employees do not think the person who is performing this duty is the best this could be due to variety of reasons such as trust, impartially and the overall knowledge. Evaluate results, give feedback and coach: Management needs to establish the results by forecasting and assessing the absentees, accidents and employee turnover which can be used as early warning, so company will be prepare for specific actions in advance but assessing should be compared carefully done against the competency. Management should be ready for deviation which can be in positive or negative. In case of negative deviation management needs to take proper action but in case of positive deviation management should give reward to the employees for that. Management should provide coaching to the employees in the framework of control system. Take corrective action: Management needs to take corrective action after receiving warnings in terms of forecasting or predictions even it changes the standards, plans, and goals. Management needs to consider the employees during the process of changing in goals, plans and standards because they are on front line and are most affected. The management needs to understand that planning control system will be successful until the corrective actions are taken. Work Quality measurement: Work measurement means to find out the time required to complete a job or task. Time factor has very important role in the success of any company. It is the responsibility of the management to monitor the time factor required for any specific job or task. Operations Management needs to Plan the work for the employee. Plan and decide the number of workers required to complete the certain job. Plan which job should be allocated to which employee or decide which employee is suitable for certain job. Manage a criterion to calculate the performance of the worker. Plan the incentive in terms of bonus on efficiency of the worker. Management need to set the standard time for a particular job which will be the time taken by an experienced worker not the time taken by certain individual. Management should establish work measurement system which helps in planning, controlling, improve performance and supervision, increase productivity and reduce labour cost. Managem ent should understand the objective of work measurement which is to calculate the work load in an operation in terms of requirement of time, number of workers and efficiency. Management needs to develop awareness about department for transport (DFT) and British airways authority (BAA) and their functions. Management needs to guide and prepare the staff to face these authorities when they came to check their quality of work. Rating: This method based on direct observation and is conversion process of observed time into the time taken by a qualified worker at standard level maintain by the company. Management needs to select proper trained staff for the supervision of this process and manage different courses on regularly basis to update their training. Allowances: Allowance means provide an additional time to the worker to recover from the fatigue during working a complete shift of 8 hours is called as allowance and its amount depend upon the environment in which worker is working and secondly job nature. The operations management needs to provide the allowance to the workers on daily basis on fixed time with fix inter. Management should not use this allowance as a compensation for unhealthy and unsafe environment of working.  Quality measurement: Management of both companies needs to understand the importance of quality factor and need to take bold steps to improve the quality of services which they are providing to their different clients. Management needs to promote the quality awareness in the employees as well as throughout the company. Management needs to introduce quality tools in the organization like run chart, histogram, cause and effect diagram, check sheetÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦..etc. Management should recognize that quality of services can affect the performance of organization in terms of productivity and loss of business. Management needs to develop a method of inspection means compare the quality with standard. Secondly need to define the inspection procedure of the company i.e. how much and how may times, at which level or locationÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦etc. Management needs to find the causes of poor quality and find out the ways to correct th e causes.